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--William J. Higginson Haiku is a contemplative, unrhymed Japanese poem that attempts to chronicle the essence of a moment in which nature is linked to human life. It is one of the most important forms of traditional Japanese poetry. A well-written haiku creates tension between contrasting elements such as movement and inactivity, change and continuance, time and timelessness, nature and humanity. Most haiku poems contain themes that are simple to understand but give the reader new insight into a well-known experience or situation. The modern form of haiku dates from the 1890s, and developed from earlier forms of poetry, hokku and haikai. The great Japanese master of haiku was Matsuo Basho (1644-1694); his poems are often now read as haiku, but are more properly referred to as hokku. The name Basho means "banana tree," and was adopted by the poet when he moved into a hut located next to a banana tree. His last haiku was "Falling ill on a journey, my dreams run round a withered field." Three general guidelines govern haiku writing in Japanese. These guidelines are: The poem consists of 17 syllables, contained usually within three lines; this convention is a must in Japanese. In English, which has variations in the length of syllables, this can sometimes be difficult, so variations are accepted; The poem should indicate through a kigo, a season word, the time of year. Often the kigo is not obvious; The poem contains a "cutting" or division between two contrasting parts. In English, the first or second line usually ends with a colon or long dash to indicate this cutting. Additionally, haiku avoids first person accounts and disallows the use of similes or metaphors. While some haiku poets try to experience the feelings of natural objects, it is not their usually their intent to give human attributes to inanimate objects nor to personalize nature. In writing haiku, contemplate nature and the present moment. Use verbs in the present tense and choose each word very carefully. This is the form in which English-written haiku poems are most commonly composed (remember, these are just guidelines): Line 1 = 5 syllables - when - short line Line 2 = 7 syllables - where - long line Line 3 = 5 syllables - what - short line Examples An old pond; A frog jumps in-- The sound of water. --Matsuo Basho Springtime in the woods A little white snake went in The pond fast. --Mandy Powell, age 7 References Dogwood Blossoms: An Electronic Journal of Haiku Hackett, James. The Way of Haiku: An Anthology of Haiku Poems. Japan Publication Inc., 1969. The Art of Haiku Poetry Higginson, William and Penny Harter. The Haiku Handbook - How to Write, Share, and Teach Haiku. Kodansha International, ISBN: 4-7700-1430-0-9. Ueda, Makoto. Matsuo Basho. Kodansha International, ISBN: 0-87011-553-7. compiled by Nancy Walkup and Pam Stephens |